Lamb: The Gospel According to Biff, Christ’s Childhood Pal Chapter 30

Part VI Passion Nobody's perfect†¦. Well, there was this one guy, but we killed him. ANONYMOUS Sunday Joshua's mother and his brother James found us outside of the Golden Gate of Jerusalem, where we were waiting for Bartholomew and John, who were looking for Nathaniel and Philip to return with James and Andrew, who were off trying to find Judas and Thomas, who had been sent into the city to look for Peter and Maggie, who were looking for Thaddeus and Simon, who had been sent to look for a donkey. â€Å"You'd think they'd have found one by now,† Mary said. According to prophecy, Joshua was supposed to enter the city on the colt of a donkey. Of course, no one was going to find one. That was the plan. Even Joshua's brother James had agreed to be part of the conspiracy. He'd gone ahead to wait inside the gate, just in case one of the disciples had missed the point and actually came back with a donkey. About a thousand of Joshua's followers from Galilee had gathered on the road to the Golden Gate. They had lined the road with palm fronds for Joshua's entrance to the city, and they were cheering and singing hosannas all afternoon in anticipation of his triumphant entrance, but as the afternoon wore into evening, and no colt showed, the crowd gradually dispersed as everybody got hungry and went into the city to find something to eat. Only Joshua, his mother, and I were still waiting. â€Å"I was hoping you might talk some sense into him,† I said to Mary. â€Å"I've seen this coming for a long time,† Mary said. She wore her usual blue dress and shawl, and the usual light in her face seemed faded, not by age, but by grief. â€Å"Why do you think I sent for him two years ago?† It was true, she had sent Joshua's younger brothers Judah and Jose to the synagogue at Capernaum to bring him home, claiming he was mad, but Joshua hadn't even gone outside to meet them. â€Å"I wish you two wouldn't talk about me like I'm not here,† Joshua said. â€Å"We're trying to get used to it,† I said. â€Å"If you don't like it, then give up this stupid plan to sacrifice yourself.† â€Å"What do you think we've been preparing for all of these years, Biff?† â€Å"If I'd known it was this I wouldn't have helped. You'd still be stuck in a wine amphora in India.† He squinted to see through the gate. â€Å"Where is everyone? How hard can it be to find one simple ass?† I looked at Joshua's mother, and although there was pain in her eyes she smiled. â€Å"Don't look at me,† she said. â€Å"No one on my side of the family would ever sacrifice a straight line like that.† It was too easy, so I let it go. â€Å"They're all at Simon's house in Bethany, Josh. They aren't coming back tonight.† Joshua didn't say a word. He just climbed to his feet and walked off toward Bethany. â€Å"There is nothing you can do to stop this from happening!† Joshua screamed at the apostles, who were gathered in the front room of Simon's house. Martha ran from the room crying when Joshua glared at her. Simon looked at the floor, as did the rest of us. â€Å"The priest and the scribes will take me, and put me on trial. They will spit on me and scourge me and then they will kill me. I will rise from the dead on the third day and walk among you again, but you cannot stop what must happen. If you love me, you will accept what I'm telling you.† Maggie got up and ran out of the house, snatching the communal purse from Judas as she went. The Zealot started to rise to go after her but I pushed him back down on his cushion. â€Å"Let her go.† We all sat there in silence, trying to think of something to do, something to say. I don't know what everyone else was thinking, but I was still trying to formulate some way for Joshua to make his point without giving his life. Martha returned to the room with wine and cups and served each of us in turn, not looking at Joshua when she filled his cup. Joshua's mother followed her back out of the room, I presumed to help her prepare supper. In time, Maggie came back, sliding through the door and going directly to Joshua, where she sat down at his feet. She took the communal purse out of her cloak and from it she pulled a small alabaster box, the sort that was used to store the precious ointments that women used to anoint the bodies of the dead at burial. She tossed the empty purse to Judas. Without a word, she broke the seal on the box and poured the ointment on Joshua's feet, then untied her long hair and began to wipe the oil from his feet with it. The rich aroma of spices and perfume filled the room. In an instant Judas was on his feet and across the room. He snatched the box of ointment off the floor. â€Å"The money from this could have fed hundreds of the poor.† Joshua looked up at the Zealot and there were tears in his eyes. â€Å"You'll always have the poor, Judas, but I'm only here for a short while longer. Let her be.† â€Å"But†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Let her be,† Joshua said. He held out his hand and Judas slammed the alabaster box into it, then stormed out of the house. I could hear him shouting out in the street, but I couldn't make out what he was saying. Maggie poured the rest of the oil on Joshua's head and drew patterns on his forehead with her finger. Joshua tried to take her hand but she pulled it away from him and stepped back until he dropped his hand. â€Å"A dead man can't love,† she said. â€Å"Be still.† When we followed Joshua to the Temple the next morning, Maggie was nowhere to be seen. Monday On Monday Joshua led us through the Golden Gate into Jerusalem, but this time there were no palm fronds laid on the road and no one was singing hosannas. (Well, there was this one guy, but he was always singing hosannas at the Golden Gate. If you gave him a coin he'd stop for a while.) â€Å"It would be nice to be able to buy a little something for breakfast,† Judas said. â€Å"If the Magdalene hadn't spent all of our money.† â€Å"Joshua smells nice, though,† Nathaniel said. â€Å"Don't you think Joshua smells nice?† Sometimes you find yourself grateful for the most unlikely things. Right then, when I saw Judas grit his teeth and the vein stand out on his forehead, I said a quick prayer of thanks for Nathaniel's na;vet. â€Å"He does smell nice,† said Bartholomew. â€Å"It makes one want to reassess one's values regarding the material comforts.† â€Å"Thank you, Bart,† said Joshua. â€Å"Yes, there's nothing like a good-smelling man,† said John dreamily. Suddenly we were all very uncomfortable and there was a lot of throat-clearing and coughing and we all walked a few paces farther apart. (I haven't told you about John, have I?) Then John started to make a great and pathetic show of noticing the women as they passed. â€Å"Why, that little heifer would give a man some strong sons,† John said in a booming and falsely masculine voice. â€Å"A man could surely plant some seed there, he could.† â€Å"Please shut up,† James said to his brother. â€Å"Maybe,† said Philip, â€Å"you could have your mother come over and tell that woman to cleave unto you.† Everyone snickered, even Joshua. Well, everyone except James. â€Å"You see?† he said to his brother. â€Å"You see what you've started? You little nancy.† â€Å"There's a nubile wench,† exclaimed John unconvincingly. He pointed to a woman who was being dragged toward the city gates by a group of Pharisees, her clothes hanging in shreds on her body (which indeed appeared to be nubile, so credit to John for working outside of his element). â€Å"Block the road,† Joshua said. The Pharisees came up to our human blockade and stopped. â€Å"Let us pass, Rabbi,† the oldest of them said. â€Å"This woman has been caught in the act of adultery this very day and we're taking her out of the city to be stoned, as is the law.† The woman was young and her hair fell in dirty curls around her face. Terror had twisted her face and her eyes were rolled back in her head, but an hour ago she had probably been pretty. Joshua crouched and began writing in the dust at his feet. â€Å"What's your name?† he asked. â€Å"Jamal,† said the leader. I watched Joshua write the man's name, then next to it a list of sins. â€Å"Wow, Jamal,† I said. â€Å"A goose? I didn't even know that was possible.† Jamal dropped the adulteress's arm and stepped back. Joshua looked up at the other man who was holding the woman. â€Å"And your name?† â€Å"Uh, Steve,† said that man. â€Å"His name is not Steve,† said another man in the crowd. â€Å"It's Jacob.† Joshua wrote â€Å"Jacob† in the dust. â€Å"No,† said Jacob. He let go of the woman, pushing her toward us. Then Joshua stood up and took the stone from the man nearest him, who surrendered it easily. His attention was focused on the list of sins written in the dirt. â€Å"Now let us stone this harlot,† Joshua said. â€Å"Whoever of you is without sin, cast the first stone.† And he held out the stone to them. They gradually backed away. In a moment they had all gone back the way they had come and the adulteress fell to Joshua's feet and hugged his ankles. â€Å"Thank you, Rabbi. Thank you so much.† â€Å"That's okay,† said Joshua. He lifted her to her feet. â€Å"Now go, and sin no more.† â€Å"You really smell good, you know that?† she said. â€Å"Yeah, thanks. Now go.† She started off. â€Å"I should make sure she gets home okay,† I said. I started off after her, but Joshua caught the back of my tunic and pulled me back. â€Å"You missed the ‘sin no more' part of my instructions?† â€Å"Look, I've already committed adultery with her in my heart, so, you know, why not enjoy it?† â€Å"No.† â€Å"You're the one who set the standards. By those rules, even John committed adultery with her in his heart, and he doesn't even like women.† â€Å"Do too,† said John. â€Å"To the Temple,† Joshua said, pressing on. â€Å"Waste of a perfectly good adulteress, if you ask me.† In the outer court of the Temple, where the women and the Gentiles were allowed to go, Joshua called us all together and began to preach the kingdom. Each time he would get started, a vendor would come by barking, â€Å"Get your doves. Get your sacrificial doves. Pure as the driven snow. Everybody needs one.† Then Joshua would begin again and the next vendor would come by. â€Å"Unleavened bread! Get your unleavened bread! Only one shekel. Piping hot matzo, just like Moses ate on the way out of Egypt, only fresher.† And a little girl who was lame was brought to Joshua and he started to heal her and ask about her faith when†¦ â€Å"Your denariis changed to shekels, while you wait! No amount too large or small. Drachmas to talents, talents to shekels – all your money changed while you wait.† â€Å"Do you believe that the Lord loves you?† Joshua asked the little girl. â€Å"Bitter herbs! Get your bitter herbs!† cried a vendor. â€Å"Dammit all!† Joshua screamed in frustration. â€Å"You're healed, child, now get out of here.† He waved off the little girl, who got up and walked for the first time in her life, then he slapped a dove vendor, ripped the top off his cage of birds, and released a cloud of doves into the sky. â€Å"This is a house of prayer! Not a den of thieves.† â€Å"Oh no, not the moneychangers,† Peter whispered to me. Joshua grabbed a long low table where men were changing a dozen currencies into shekels (the only coin allowed for commerce inside the Temple complex) and he flipped it over. â€Å"Oh, that's it, he's fucked,† Philip said. And he was. The priests took a big percentage from the moneychangers. He might have slid by before, but now he'd interfered with their income. â€Å"Out, you vipers! Out!† Joshua had taken a coil of rope from one of the vendors and was using it as a scourge to drive the vendors and the moneychangers out of the Temple gates. Nathaniel and Thomas had joined in Joshua's tirade, kicking at the merchants as they scampered away, but the rest of us sat staring or ministered to those who had come to hear Joshua speak. â€Å"We should stop this,† I said to Peter. â€Å"You think you could stop this?† Peter nodded to the corner of the courtyard, where at least twenty priests had come out from the Inner Temple to watch the fracas. â€Å"He's going to bring down the wrath of the priests on all of us,† Judas said. He was looking at the Temple guards, who had stopped pacing the walls and were watching the goings-on below in the courtyard. To Judas' credit, he, Simon, and a few of the others had managed to calm the small crowd of the faithful who had gathered to be blessed and healed before Joshua's tantrum. Beyond the walls of the Temple we could see the Roman soldiers staring down from the battlements of Herod the Great's old palace, which the governor commandeered during feast weeks when he brought the legions to Jerusalem. The Romans didn't enter the Temple unless they sensed insurrection, but if they entered, Jewish blood would be spilled. Rivers of it. â€Å"They won't come in,† Peter said, a tiny note of doubt in his voice. â€Å"They can see that this is a Jewish matter. They don't care if we kill each other.† â€Å"Just watch Judas and Simon,† I said. â€Å"If one of them starts with that no-master-but-God thing, the Romans will come down like an executioner's blade.† Finally, Joshua was out of breath, soaked in sweat, and barely able to swing the coil of rope he was carrying, but the Temple was clear of merchants. A large crowd had started to follow him, shouting at the vendors as Joshua drove them out of the Temple. The crowd (probably eight hundred to a thousand people) was the only thing that kept the priests from calling the guards down on Joshua right then. Josh tossed the rope aside and led the crowd back to where we had been watching in horror. â€Å"Thieves,† he said to us breathlessly as he passed. Then he went to a little girl with a withered arm who had been waiting beside Judas. â€Å"Pretty scary, huh?† Joshua said to her. She nodded. Joshua put his hands over her withered arm. â€Å"Are those guys in the tall hats coming over here?† She nodded again. â€Å"Here, can you make this sign with your finger?† He showed her how to stick out her middle finger. â€Å"No, not with that hand, with this one.† Joshua took his hand away from her withered arm and she wiggled her fingers. The muscle and tendons had filled out until it looked identical to her other arm. â€Å"Now,† Joshua said, â€Å"make that sign. That's good. Now show it to those guys behind me with the tall hats. That's a good girl.† â€Å"By whose authority do you perform these healings,† said one of the priests, obviously the highest-ranking of the group. â€Å"No master – † Simon began to shout but he was cut off by a vicious blow to the solar plexus from Peter, who then pushed the Zealot to the ground and sat on him while furiously whispering in his ear. Andrew had come up behind Judas and seemed to be delivering a similar lecture without benefit of the body blow. Josh took a little boy from his mother's arms and held him. The boy's legs waved in the air as if they had no bones at all. Without looking away from the boy, Joshua said, â€Å"By what authority did John baptize?† The priests looked around among themselves. The crowd moved in closer. We were in Judea, John's territory. The priests knew better than to challenge John's authority under God in front of a crowd this size, but they certainly weren't going to confirm it for Joshua's sake, either. â€Å"We can't say at this time,† said the priest. â€Å"Then I can't say either,† said Joshua. He stood the little boy on his feet and held him steady as the boy's legs took his full weight, probably for the first time ever. The boy wobbled like a newborn colt and Joshua caught him and laughed. He took the boy's shoulders and helped him walk back to his mother, then he turned on the priests and looked at them for the first time. â€Å"You would test me? Test me. Ask me what you will, you vipers, but I will heal these people and they shall know the word of God in spite of you.† Philip had moved up behind me during this speech and he whispered, â€Å"Can't you knock him out or something with your methods from the East? We have to get him out of here before he says any more.† â€Å"I think we're too late, John,† I said. â€Å"Just don't let the crowd disperse. Go out into the city and bring more. The crowd is his only protection now. And find Joseph of Arimathea too. He might be able to help if this gets out of hand.† â€Å"This isn't out of hand?† â€Å"You know what I mean.† The inquisition went on for two hours, with the priests concocting every verbal trap they could think of, and Joshua wiggling out sometimes, and blundering through at others. I looked for some way to get Joshua out of the Temple without him being arrested, but the more I looked, the more I noticed that the guards had moved down off the walls and were hovering around the gates to the courtyard. Meanwhile the chief priest droned on: â€Å"A man dies and leaves no sons, but his wife marries his brother, who has three sons by his first wife†¦[and on] The three of them leave Jericho and head south, going three point three furlongs per hour, but they are leading two donkeys, which can carry two†¦[and on] So the Sabbath ends, and they are able to resume, adding on the thousand steps allowed under the law†¦and the wind is blowing southwest at two furlongs per hour†¦[and on] How much water will be required for the journey? Give your answer in firkins.† â€Å"Five,† Joshua said, as soon as they stopped speaking. And all were amazed. The crowd roared. A woman shouted, â€Å"Surely he is the Messiah.† â€Å"The Son of God has come,† said another. â€Å"You guys aren't helping,† I shouted back at them. â€Å"You didn't show your work, you didn't show your work,† chanted the youngest of the priests. Judas and Matthew had been scratching out the problem on the paving stones of the courtyard as the priest recited, but they had long since lost track. They looked up and shook their heads. â€Å"Five,† Joshua repeated. The priests looked around among themselves. â€Å"That's right, but that doesn't give you authority to heal in the Temple.† â€Å"In three days, there will be no Temple, for I'll destroy it, and you nest of vipers with it. And three days after that, a new Temple shall be built in honor of my father.† And then I grabbed him around the chest and started dragging him toward the gate. The other apostles followed the plan and moved around us in a wedge. Beyond that, the crowd pressed in. Hundreds moved along with us. â€Å"Wait, I'm not done!† Joshua yelled. â€Å"Yes you are.† â€Å"Surely the true king of Israel has come to bring forth the kingdom,† one woman shouted. Peter smacked her on the back of the head. â€Å"Stop helping.† By the sheer mass of the crowd we were able to get Joshua out of the Temple and through the streets to Joseph of Arimathea's house. Joseph let us in and led us to the upper room, which had a high arched stone ceiling, rich carpets on the floors and walls, piles of cushions, and a long low table for dining. â€Å"You're safe here, but I don't know for how long. They've already called a meeting of the Sanhedrin.† â€Å"But we just left the Temple,† I said. â€Å"How?† â€Å"You should have let them take me,† Joshua said. â€Å"The table will be set for the Passover feast of the Essenes,† Joseph said. â€Å"Stay here for supper.† â€Å"Celebrate the Passover early? Why?† John asked. â€Å"Why celebrate with the Essenes?† Joseph looked away from Joshua when he answered. â€Å"Because at the Essenes' feast, they don't kill a lamb.†

Love Medicine Study Guide Questions

Note: You should also write at least four of your own questions about the book as you read. These can be either things that confused you or aspects of the text that you would like to see us explore in class. HINT: HERE IS YOUR CHANCE TO AFFECT THE FINAL EXAM. You can list more on the reverse if they occur to you while reading. Love Medicine YOUR QUESTIONS: 1. 2. 3. 4.Use this space to connect any relevant cultural information you find to aspects of the text:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Discussion Questions 1. The novel deals extensively with the love-hate relationships between family members. What are some of the different kinds of familial bonds, positive and negative? What themes are explored through these relationships? What does this novel suggest about the nature of families? 2.One theme of the novel is the unavoidable impact of the non-Indian world (for instance, Catholicism, alcohol, intermarriages, the Vietnam War, capitalism, the legal system) on the Chippewa. How does the interaction with outsiders affect specific characters? What does the novel suggest about the difficulties and consequences of dealing with a mixed world? 3. Why do you thin k Erdrich chose to write her novel in the way she did, using time leaps and a series of different narrators to recount their own tales? What do you think is gained by this form of narrative? How might the form's emphasis on individual storytelling relate to the novel's larger themes? 4. Why do you think the section â€Å"Love Medicine† was chosen as the title story of the novel?Would you have chosen another section on the basis of a strength or unifying theme? (Above questions from http://www. harpercollins. com/authors/2905/Louise_Erdrich/index. aspx) 5. Analyze the family relationships in Louise Erdrich’s novel. What does this novel suggest about relationships between parents and children, grandparents and grandchildren, siblings, extended relatives, etc.? Pay attention to both blood relations and those that are â€Å"taken† or adoptive, such as Nanapush and Lulu or Marie and Lipsha. 6. Analyze the depictions of gender in Love Medicine, giving at least some at tention to differences in gender concepts and gender relations in traditional Native and mainstream colonizing culture. 7.Analyze the romantic relationships in the novel, both within the institution of Catholic marriage, within traditional culture, and those outside of both. What do these relationships suggest about the concept of romantic love? 8. Compare and contrast the depictions of traditional Ojibwe spirituality and Catholicism within the novel. 9. Examine how the novel depicts the effects of colonization on the Ojibwe people and their world. 10. Analyze relatedness and relationships between Native and non-Native people in this novel, both community and familial. In other words, in responding to this question, you might include the relationship between King

Terrorism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Terrorism - Assignment Example The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), or the Tamil Tigers are known to be the pioneers of suicide bombing, yet, they are seen as ‘liberators’ by local Tamils. Thus, the answer to whether the Tamil Tigers are terrorists or not is a complicated one that is dependent on subjective, biased analysis of power politics of Sri Lanka. 2) In the aftermath of the attack on the World Trade Center, the question of terrorism as a justifiable means to achieving liberation has been hotly debated within the United States of America. While many believe that terrorism, an act of harm, can never justify a quest for national freedom, there are also arguments that see terrorism as understandable under certain circumstances. The use of violence in Apartheid South Africa, in pre partition India and during the Iranian revolution, for example, has given voice to social, political and religious demands. Even so, the major drawback of acts of violence is that they affect everyone without dis crimination (Saul). A bomb blast in a shopping market may put pressure on the government, but the ones who are directly affected, injured or killed in the attack suffer regardless of their political alignment. The injustice of terrorism taints its legitimacy, and makes it an undesirable means to achieving a noble goal. 3) Faith-based natural law is justified by religious extremists in the modern world since they see their faith as the ‘one true way’ for eternal salvation (Wallis). All those believing in the truth are perceived as virtuous men while all ‘disbelievers’ are seen as worthy of violent punishment for disobeying the Divine Word. The problem with such an approach lies in the fact that there is not one religion that claims monopoly of the truth, but many religions, including Christianity, Judaism, Islam and Hinduism are part of a grand tug of war of what the true faith is (Aslan). As a result, innocent lives are put at stake by religious extremists who find legitimacy for their violent acts in religious scriptures. However, examples from history and modern day extremism give us evidence of how faith-based natural law is used to achieve political ends. Religious zealotry and fanaticism is used to power economically and politically motivated agendas. Faith-based natural law therefore does not serve to justify violent acts committed against innocent people. 4) Projected trends for the future of faith-based terrorism can be explained through the help of a five pronged model. First, there is a need to establish that in today’s world of sophisticated communication methods, the spread of extremist religious propaganda is inevitable. Not only is the World Wide Web an easy platform for religious groups to spread their thoughts and ideologies amongst everyone, television and print media also play a crucial role in popularizing support for such groups. Secondly, in the wake of the US war against Iraq, a CIA report for 2005 has rev ealed that a â€Å"new generation of Islamist Extremists† (Martin, 153) has been created, which poses serious threat to future world security. Thirdly, Al Qaeda has evolved into a symbolic representation, which continues to influence thoughts, along with, fourthly, the globalization of the Jihadi movement. Lastly, religious extremism is strongly present and growing within the Christian thought,

History of pubilc procurement Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

History of pubilc procurement - Term Paper Example It is also considered as the main element in the way public funds are utilized, hence enhancing public trust in procurement (Beth & OECD 19). Public procurement has been in existence since 1778 and has led to the implementation of public procurement law, which regulates the purchasing made by public sectors that contract goods, services and work. Public procurement is regulated in most countries to avoid corruption, fraud, and waste; indeed, public tenders are issued by a public authority when the value of procurement exceeds the required threshold. Today, public procurement is becoming more complex, forcing the public procurement officials to deal with the changing issues based on fairness, transparency, integrity, and equity, which are the principles of public procurement (Beth & OECD 18). The History of Public Procurement According to Thai (13), the first purchasing action was conducted in 1778, with the approval of the continental congress on the appointment of purchasing commiss ionaires. By the end of that year, the purchasing officers had been placed on a salary, with an aim of avoiding fraud. The congress thereafter passed a Purchasing Act, which permitted war and treasury departments to make purchases in the name of the United States. The first procurement was made in 1794 for the new United States navy; however, this procurement was accompanied by negative experiences, which led to the implementation of purveyor of Public Supplies Act, a procurement legislation that was the basis for military procurement. Misconducts and fraud cases led to the implementation of Public Contract Act of 1808, which warned members of the congress from using government contracts for personal interest (Thai 13). In the United States, public procurement organizations vary with the size of the government units; however, it has a complicated procurement structure. The federal procurement operates within a democratic framework, which is under the legislative, judiciary, and exec utive branches. Nevertheless, the courts are not involved in setting procurement policies and rules; however, they try the legal cases that involve contract disputes. The congress passes the laws that establish procurement policies and procedures; it also allocates specified funds for the procurement purposes within the time required (Thai 19). Public procurement also encounters several challenges. This function has a great impact on the country’s economy; hence, efficient handling of public procurement has proved to be a challenge. Ensuring that the principles of public procurement are followed to the later is also a challenging task. This includes ensuring that fair competition for the bidders is granted, promoting transparency, and ensuring that the allocated loans are used for the specified purposes only. Thirdly, public procurement is associated with fraud, waste, and corruption, hence a major challenge for a country. In addition, public procurement practitioners face th e challenge of complying with their home government regulations without violating the international trade agreements like the World Trade Organization (WTO). Today, the government has enacted several laws pertaining to public procurement, among them being the Public Act whose aim is to enact laws relating to public contracts. An example is the federal acquisition regulation and agency, which provides uniform procedures for federal agency acquisitions. The Truth in Negotiation Act of 1962 establishes rules that

Buyer Behaviour - Analysis of The Ritz Hotel Assignment

Buyer Behaviour - Analysis of The Ritz Hotel - Assignment Example With reference to the Ritz Hotel this paper aims at evaluating how consumer motivation, perceptions, learning and attitude formation could influence purchasing. In order to attract the maximum number of customers, it is important for a business to have the knowledge of how rational consumers will make their decisions on consumptions. Consumers usually have specific desires and preferences that can always be represented by a numerical utility function. In the choices made by consumers, it can always be said that the they intend to solve an optimization problem. The optimization of choice usually has three components, namely: the object of choice, which refer to the specific thing being chosen; the objective function, which refers to the purpose the object is supposed to serve; and the constraints, which basically restrict a consumer’s choice of certain products (Foxall 2004, p. 92). In making choices, consumers are always inhibited by budget constraint. Budget constraint implies that consumers can only consume what they can afford. In relation budget constraint it can be said that the Ritz being a 5-star hotel and having the pricing policies is likely to be unattractive to low income earners. According to the Maslows hierarchy of needs, the choice of a consumer can also be affected by how much the product or service is of importance to their life(Tyagi & Kumar 2004, p. 111) However, Ritz Hotel is likely to be highly favored by user preference. In a situation where a consumer’s choice is not hindered by budget constraint they are likely to choose the services offered by the Ritz Hotel because of the high quality. For example, high minimum bets and entry fee for the casino have not hindered those who can afford it from visiting the casino. The preference will likely be as a result of the completeness and transitivity of the services

Discuss the differences between PCR and QPCR. If you were designing an Essay

Discuss the differences between PCR and QPCR. If you were designing an experiment to study gene expression describe the main steps you would use. What would - Essay Example Real-time chemistries permit the detection of PR amplification early on. Quantification of the kinetics of the reaction at its onset defines the distinguished advantage of QPCR over traditional PCR. Moreover, these conventional methods utilize Aragose gels for detection of PCR amplification at the final stage of the PCR reaction (Dharmaraj, S. 2005; Kawamoto, S., Tadashi, O., Kita, H., Chisaka,O., & Okubo, K. 1999). End-point PCR has several constraints; for one, aragose gel results are obtained at the end of the reaction, which may prove to be very tedious and time-consuming. Results may not be available until after several days. One other advantage of QPCR is its capacity to capture even the slightest differences in the variable sample yields, which may not be as accurately measured through conventional aragose gels. It may also prove to be more difficult because of the very poor resolution of aragose gel, estimated to be about 10-fold (Dharmaraj, S. 2005). In contrast, QPCR is sensitive enough to detect a two-fold change. In summary, the following are the marked disadvantages on the use of traditional PCR: poor precision, low sensitivity, short dynamic range

Public Service Electric and Gas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Public Service Electric and Gas - Essay Example Organisational change is the implementation of new thoughts and activities by a company. Organisational change is important in the sense that it can increase the efficiency of employees by achieving the goals. There are numerous challenges for change in organisation culture. To make the change successful, there is need to focus on developing association with stakeholders and unions. Organisations need to commence appropriate change program for successful change (Sengupta & Bhattacharya, 2006). The essay will describe the change in safety culture of PSE&G. PSE&G had faced several challenges in order to administer changes in safety culture. It was a long changing process which resulted in success. Reason for Change The change in safety measures of PSE&G had started in the year 1999 by virtue of cultural change. The reason for the change is to ensure safety of employees of PSE&G. It has almost 6500 employees and 32 factories. PSE&G had encountered recordable accident rates and loss of w orking days because of safety. In the year 2005, according to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the loss of working days had become 0.33 by the year 2007 (Simon & Cistaro, 2009). The following table shows the employees injury rate of PSE&G from 2001–2007: Source: (Simon & Cistaro, 2009). Organisational Design Issue The major design problem an organisation often confronts is the selection of horizontal differentiation and vertical differentiation which let organisation to manage the actions of employees for accomplishing the objectives. The following are major design issues that can be faced by an organisation: Source: (Jones & Mathew, 2008). Vertical Differentiation: Vertical differentiation is the method of forming the hierarchy of power and develops reporting connection to connect organisational job with organizational units. It helps to manage the actions and enhance the capability to develop a value of any organization through establishing the allo cation of power (Jones & Mathew, 2008) Horizontal Differentiation: Horizontal differentiation helps an individual to be specialised and be more dynamic. However, this type of delineation hinders the communication between divisions or units and averts people to learn from one another. As a consequence of horizontal differentiation, people of different units create a propensity to see one’s job strictly from the perception of the time structure, objective and interpersonal course of other’s unit. When different jobs are viewed differently, communication becomes unsuccessful and coordination fails between units (Jones & Mathew, 2008) In cultural change, PSE&G had faced problem of matching the ‘Standardization and Mutual Adjustment’ issue. In every organisation there are certain regulations, SOPs (Standard Operating Procedures), traditional values and standards which specify how an employee can carry out the organisational task. In PSE&G, the employees were en gaged in performing job according to their own rule and they tended to take risks. Besides, there were also communication issues which had occurred from vertical differentiation. Thus, there was need for better interaction between management and the union to resolve the differentiation problem in cultural change process (Jones & Mathew, 2008) Cultural Factors The apt organisational culture can result in better employee performance. Organisational cult

Praise vs. Encouragement Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Praise vs. Encouragement - Research Paper Example Parents, for instance, should look forward to praise and encourage their children for the hard work they put into their studies even if their final grades do not reflect it. There are many ways, both obvious, and subtle, that can be used for praising and encouraging. The most prominent method for praising children is through communication. Apart from communication, little gestures, such as a gentle pat on the back, or expressions can also boost up a child’s self esteem and morale. (Loh) There is a great deal of debate between professionals as to the best way to build self-esteem and cause positive reinforcement. Some experts say that praise is the best way, while others vouch towards encouragement. It is true that praise does uplift self esteem of a child but many experts believe that too much praising might actually result in a decreased level of self-worth. This is because by nature, praise injects competitiveness into a person and indirectly discourages cooperation. (Encouragement Is More Effective Than Praise in Guiding Childrens Behavior) For instance, consider a class in which two children, Andy and Bob, study. Both the children have been asked to draw a picture of bird. Both, Andy and Bob, have been working really hard throughout the weekend to finish their drawings. When they finally reveal it to their teacher, he says, â€Å"Bob! I love your drawing! It’s the best!† Even though this praise would boost up Bob’s morale, it will shatter that of Andy’s as he now thinks that Bob is a better artist than him. This would be a great source of discouragement for Andy and will affect his interest and performance in class in future. Therefore, what the teacher should have done is come up with a way by which Bob’s work could have been appreciated without hurting Andy’s feelings. This is where the importance of encouragement can be felt. Praise revolves around the judgments of elders, such as parents or

Competence destroying vs enhancing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Competence destroying vs enhancing - Assignment Example There are two types of innovations which are architectural innovation and generation innovations. Architectural innovation is characterized by fundamental changes in the linkages between existing subsystems in an organization. The modifications are made to ensure that the organization achieves its goals and objectives much faster with minimal expenditures. Generational innovations were involved with changes made to the already existing linked subsystems hence it is much broader. Assessing the effects of an innovation to a business is very important since it will determine whether the organization will carry on with the innovation or stop it. At the same time it can be used to point out the weak points of the innovation so as to aid with the process of improving it. The level of competence enhancing and destroying are the major concepts used to determine the effect of an innovation. For instance, in e-business, can be assessed whether it is appropriate to the organization being on a number of factors. For instance, the innovation should cost effective in the sense that there is minimal time spent and financial input towards achieving the organizations

It's FAMILY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

It's FAMILY - Essay Example Among these authors, Nicolas Cage has tried to uphold the positive sides of a family in his film â€Å"Family Men†. In â€Å"Lottery†, Shirley Jackson talks about the cruelty and superstition of member family members. Whereas in the poem, â€Å"Daddy† Sylvia Plath disparages the conservative control of a father over a girl, Hayden appears to be confused about how to assess his father’s control as well as his care for the child. But in the story â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find†, Flannery O’ Connor tells about the fakery of a family member, namely the Grandmother. But she considers all men and women as members of a common human family. After all, authors present both the good and bad sides of family life and family members. They, to a great extent, reflect Charlotte’s view of the negative consequences of family. Thesis: Though family is important for human life, the authors say that it has both the good and the bad sides and some author itative family members can be harmful for other members. Like Charlotte Gilman, Sylvia is preoccupied with the harmful dominance and control of family members such as a father or a husband on a girl or a woman. In the poem â€Å"Daddy† by Sylvia Plath deals with the negative consequences of a father influence on a child. In the poem, the poet compares her father with a number of imagery, such as daddy, shoe, devil, commander of Jewish extermination, etc to portray the unhappiness that her father caused to her. She compares her father with someone protective; but obviously for her protection, this protection is dark and choking. This is evident in her use of the imagery of black shoe. Shoe protects one’s feet but its blackness means that it is a dark protection (Plaths â€Å"Daddy†). Both Charlotte and Sylvia agree that conservative attitude of family members like father and husband harmful for a woman because they make her passive and choke

Economic problems in the USSR after the Second World War Essay Example for Free

Economic problems in the USSR after the Second World War Essay Neither Stalin, Khrushchev or Brezhnev successfully addressed fundamental economic problems which increasingly dogged the USSR after the Second World War How far do you agree with this statement? After the war, the USSR was destroyed both physically and economically. The challenge for Stalin therefore was to attempt to rebuild the USSR, particularly focusing on industry and the economy in order to ensure that Russia would remain a world superpower. By the end of Brezhnevs era however, the situation was very different. The country had undergone a period of stagnation whereby the economy had failed to improve and grow over his period in power. This was due to his lack of willingness to implement new policies in preference of a period of stability. I would suggest that although Brezhnev achieved very little, changes were implemented under both Stalin and Khrushchev. However, these changes were often not always overly successful. Stalin did attempt to address the economic damage that the war had caused and therefore try to rebuild the economy. One way in which he did this was to alter the systems in place already in order to tackle the new problems faced. For example, he addressed the growing complexity of the economy by creating more economic ministries. Further than this at the end of 1947, he adapted Gosplan in order to make it more focused on the economy and therefore limited the State Planning Commission to only planning (therefore transferring its previous responsibilities to arrange the necessary supplies elsewhere). He also adapted where investment was distributed to after the war such as early investment after the war went to regions which had been occupied by the Germans (for example, Donets Region). Stalin also created new policies in order to boost the economy and increase production, in the form of the fourth year plan. This was successful in the way that it effectively produced large amounts of raw materials such as coal (149 million tons in 1945 to 261 million tons in 1950) and oil (19 million tons in 1945 to 40 million tons in 1950). He used shorter term targets for individual enterprises to meet. P Kenez said even if we take into consideration the exaggerations built into soviet statistics, it is still indisputable that the Stalinist methods worked, and that the speed of reconstruction was impressive. Overall the USSR managed to produce a 75% increase on the production of 1940 which shows its extensive success and therefore disagrees with the statement that as a leader he failed to address the economic problems faced. Although it can be suggested that Khrushchev faced less of challenge than Stalin, he still introduced new economic policies which had wide spreading effects. An example of this is introducing the minimum wage in 1956 which guaranteed the workers an increased standard of living and prevented exploitation. Foreign trade hugely increased under Khrushchev due to his extended relationship with the west. Two thirds of the foreign trade was with Comecon countries in Eastern Europe which was also beneficial for communist relationships. Unlike under Stalin, Khrushchev successfully addressed the poor living standards and increased these considerably. Although they were still backwards in comparison to other western countries, for example in 1964, only 5 in 1,000 citizens owned a car; his policies combined with the recovery of the USSR since 1945 did mean improvements were made. Working conditions also improved with shorter working hours, more holidays, better pensions and other social benefits. Khrushchev is often blamed for his failings in agriculture (as addressed below) but John Keep suggests that he at least kept peasant affairs at the centre of attention for an entire decade. No other ruler had ever done so, or would do so. This is evidence that Khrushchev did address some of the problems that the USSR were facing at the time. Filtzer also stated that that these reforms were based on the assumption that agriculture would receive many more resources than he would obtain due to them being diverted to other sectors of the economy. Arguably then Khrushchev did attempt to address these issues. Brezhnevs time in power is often described as an economic stagnation due to the failure in economic growth at this time. However, he did introduce a limited number of new policies which had equally limited successes. He successfully addressed that Khrushchevs destructive agricultural policies should be reversed, for example in September 1965 Khrushchevs sovnarkhoz reforms of 1957 were ended. He did successfully increase foreign trade though, for example exporting oil and gold natural resources from Siberia and the period of dà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½tente led to the high priority of western technologies being imported. Although the Stalinist economic reforms successfully improved output there are also criticisms that can be raised as evidence that Stalin failed to address the economic problems. The fourth year plan is accused to have been inflexible as it focused on heavy industry rather than light consumer goods. These items were what the country really needed after it had been damaged by the war but instead industry was based on government priorities. Further than this, the emphasis was put on quantity rather than quality and therefore many of the goods produced were not of the highest quality. For example, in order for factory workers to reach their targets, they would produce more pairs of shoes of small sizes as this was quicker and had smaller production costs. Stalin also introduced a currency reform which was generally unsuccessful. It made life difficult for the workers as it reduced how much money was in circulation and therefore consumer products such as clothes and shoes were even scarcer than during the war. Due to the reform the black market became more active which increased corruption and crime. It is also suggested that Stalins economic policy was less successful towards the end of his time in power. The fifth five year plan should have begun in 1951, yet it was not drafted and approved until October 1952. Perhaps Stalins significant failure within economic policy was in agriculture. Despite the huge interruption of the war in production, Stalin did not focus on this policy area. Instead the peasants were treated badly and the amount of state procured grain increased to 60-70% of the harvested grain produced. Investment into agriculture also failed to be addressed. These problems lead to food shortages which further increased the problems of the black markets. Alex Nove suggests that Stalins final years were ill judged interventions of authority, excessive centralisation of decisions, insufficient investment and lack of adequate incentives. Khrushchev introduced many new reforms to try to improve industry which were fairly unsuccessful. The Sovnarkhoz reforms ended up causing another layer of bureaucracy and just formed an alternative competition (between regions rather that industry). The black market also grew under Khrushchev as it intervened to satisfy repressed demand. Arguably Khrushchevs biggest failures were within agriculture however. He insisted upon forming his own policies without any experts advice and then pushed them through bureaucracy rather than trialling them out to see if they would be successful. An obvious example of this is the Virgin Lands Campaign whereby land that was not suitable for crop growth was used for extra agricultural land. Although it did enjoy initial success the weather conditions soon destroyed any crops that had grown and the campaign had to be abandoned. Many of Khrushchevs failures are attributed to him personally, especially the lack of effective planning of the reforms and the confusion which sometimes arose. Therefore he can be partly personally blamed for the failures to address the economic problems faced by the USSR. The failures seen within Brezhnevs era are not so much destructive but rather a period of stagnation whereby the economy failed to improve. Evidence of this is found in the NMP (net material product) fell from 10.2% in 1950 to 3.6% in the 1980s. It has been suggested that the leadership didnt have an accurate view of economic performance as they were not educated well in economics and GOSPLAN was inefficient at reporting findings. An example is one of the top producing factories did not in fact exist when GOSPLAN attempted to give them an award for production. In fact the factory was run on the black market. Brezhnevs defence costs also affected the economy adversely. By 1980 the USSR was spending more on defence than the USA even though their economy was about one third of the size! Perhaps his largest failure was not to address the problems with the centralised planning system where many of the economic problems initially sprung from. Under Stalin this was successful but by this time the economy had become far too complex to be centralised. Industry also failed to modernise. For example, using the policy of storming was used whereby old equipment was run non-stop until the end of the plan which damaged equipment and wasted resources. Thompson suggests that in structural terms, soviet planners by 1980 had arguably created the worlds largest and most advanced nineteenth-century economy. In conclusion, the extent to the leaders successfully addressed the economic problems in Russia was variable under the different personalities. Stalin arguably faced the biggest challenge and due to the fact he did manage to increase production to such a large extent suggests he was the most successful. Although Khrushchev did not solve all of the problems faced, and his agricultural policies caused more harm than good, he did attempt to address the problems that the USSR were facing. On the other hand, Brezhnevs rule did not show any improvement, and further than this he did not show any attempts to improve the problems. For this reason Brezhnev can be suggested to be the least successful.

Pyrometer Is An Instrument For Measuring Temperature Engineering Essay

Pyrometer Is An Instrument For Measuring Temperature Engineering Essay Pyrometer is an instrument for measuring temperature. The pyrometer is can be apply to instruments that measure high temperature only, but some pyrometer is considered to measure low temperature. Thus, the temperature measurement under severe conditions is the most accurate method, and it is established on non-intrusive (indirect) temperature techniques. The functions of the temperature of the body are the amount of thermal energy, heat leaving a body by radiation and the wavelength of that radiation. The basic of temperature measurement in these instruments is requirement on temperature of the characteristics of radiation. In a pyrometer, the heat radiated from a hot body is used to measure temperature, and it is through a fixed lens that efforts the heat energy on the thermopile, this is a noncontact device. Thus, furnace temperatures are measured through a small hole in the furnace wall. The distance from the source to the pyrometer can be fixed and the radiation should fill the field of view of the sensor. Radiation Thermometer In the top diagram, Radiation thermometers, or pyrometers, make use of the fact that all objects release thermal radiation, when observing at the bars of a light bulb. The Planck law of radiation can be measured the amount of radiation emitted and connected to temperature. When the objects that is very hot in hazardous environments, the sensor will detect the object and measured the temperature. 2.2. FOUR PRINCIPAL There are four principal techniques for the measurement of temperature by the radiation from a hot body. 1. Total radiation 2. Pyro-electric 3. Photo-electric 4. Optical Pyrometers 2.2.1. TOTAL RADIATION PYROMETERS The total radiation pyrometer obtains the radiation from a certain hot body. The total radiation contains the visible and invisible radiations. It consists of radiation getting element and a measuring device. The diaphragm unit with a mirror is used to effort the radiation on a thermocouple. The distance between the mirror and the thermocouple is adjusted for proper focus. The image of the front diaphragm is attentive on the thermocouple by the mirror. Therefore, the temperature measurements are independent of the distance of the target. https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7GTk7PjNl951ZQe5GOVBW-QyJX2JWq7Z-EnEpTyGNsY4cBIOHU6t_CHOsmv96NI-_P75HeFMBrMpQXID2uzZrIue-sYv1TZ7KHSBpCtSrP1r1KvVsbMA_IPNSGbh2Xlw5VssTzmWRNFw/s1600/total+radiaton+pyrometer.JPG If there is any smoke, dust in the space between the target and transducer, it reduces the radiation, so negative errors. Then, the meter reading will be high because the hot gases and flames are released. This pyrometer is a non-linear, poor sensitivity and this device is not used for the temperature lower than 600-1200 degree Celsius. The advantage of the radiation pyrometer is used to measure very high temperature, high output signal, moderate cost, no need to have contact with measuring system and fast response. The disadvantage of the radiation pyrometer is a non-linear scale, error will occur and emissivity of target material affects the measurements. Then, it is used to measure temperature of moving target where physical contact is impossible, used to measure temperature in corrosive environment and used to measure invisible rays from radiations. Finally, it is used quartz or glass lens are most used pyrometers in the industry, then it is can used for bodies that are not perfect black bodies or non-black bodies. These pyrometers are often used in electric chamber furnaces, glass tank furnaces and other industrial areas. 2.2.2. Pyro-electric Pyro-electric detectors for thermal radiations are moderately new form of pyro-meters. The structure material is commonly ceramics are materials whose particles have a stable electric dipole because of the point of the electrons in molecules. Usually these molecules invention in a chance mish-mash method all through the substance of the material therefore there is no remaining electrification. Also, the location of these molecules is more or less fixed at ambient temperatures. If the temperature is high exceeding specific level characteristic to the certain material, the particles start to alternate freely. This is called the Curie temperature. Uncertainty, the temperature of the ceramic material is increased, and then the molecular dipole will alternate at a higher angle. Thus higher temperature of the radiant object, the angle of oscillation of the molecular dipole will be bigger. Furthermore, the temperature is increased, and then the voltage is increased. Then, the temperature can be measure by this voltage. This is similar to the total radiation thermometer. Finally, the pyro-electric is used to control the true temperature of an object devising a new emissivity. But the pyro-electric thermometers still have relatively limited applications. The structure of a pyro-electric thermometer and the location of the shutter is shown in the below diagram. 2.2.3. Photo-electric The photo-electric pyrometers are used measure the radiations of the object are shorter wavelength at very high temperatures. A photodiode is usually a semiconductor diode; it could be made of germanium. When the diode is applied to a voltage in reverse, it would influence the electrons do not have enough energy to cross the energy block of the junction. However, when the incident radiations are directed towards them, some electrons gain enough energy to cross the junction; it will obtain this energy by crash with photons. The energy of photons is inversely proportional to the wavelength. Besides, the radiant energy crushed upon the surface of the photoelectric diode increase, more electrons cross the block and hence more voltage reading will be gained. This will observably occur at higher temperature, and then the temperature is measured indirectly by measuring the voltage reading. Finally, the photoelectric are used in the industry mainly as a mention instrument to determine the true temperature of an object having unknown emissivity. Photoelectric instruments are very precise and are thus changing the above mentioned optical type pyrometers. In additional, it is can be use a photoelectric sensor to warn of smouldering fires which is smoke detector. 2.2.4. Optical Pyrometers The optical radiation thermometers or pyrometers are a simple in structure and it is accurate for temperature measurement between 600 oC ~3000 oC, because the decision making of the operator, so it is not a suitable device for control determinations. In opposite, it is very effective for calibration of total radiation thermometers and point measurements. The temperature as well as the resistance of the filament is recognized. Therefore, the temperature of the radiant object is the similar as they are the same; this is one of the main disadvantages of this apparatus, the element that the measured temperature is reliant on the operators decision when the filament has disappeared from the image. The optical pyrometer is shown in the below diagram. Optical Pyrometers are normally used in the process industry for special measurement. It has a high precision and used as a mention instrument. The accuracy and precision of extra pyrometers are measured by comparing with it. They are also used for temperature measurement of non-black bodies. Their temperature range is high; they are the most commonly used high temperature measuring devices used in the laboratory. One of the drawbacks is the fact that they can only be used by experienced personnel. But they are being gradually replaced by the modern photoelectric pyrometers. Question 3 3.1. What (electrically) is being measured? The Electrocardiogram (ECG) is normally used to test for heart conditions and that is a simple test that takings about 10 minutes. The electrocardiogram machine records the hearts rhythm against paper through sticky electrodes which are located on the peoples chest, arms and legs. If the heart muscle is injured or short of oxygen, the recording will display it out. The electrocardiogram (ECG) is normally used to different test for the heart conditions, such as exercise ECG (also called a treadmill test or exercise stress test), Holter monitoring (also called ambulatory ECG), echocardiogram, blood test, echocardiogram stress test, transoesphageal echocardiogram (TOE), cardiac catheterisation (Angiography), electrophysiological studies (EPS), tilt table test and CT angiography, 3.2. How is the electrical signal capture? What is the sensor? How does it work? 3.2. 1.How is the electrical signal capture? An electrocardiogram (ECG) is the simplest and fast techniques used to estimate the heart. Electrodes are placed on the chest, legs and arms. The electrical activity of the heart is measured, prints out and understood for the doctors information and further understanding when the electrodes are joined to an ECG machine. During this practice, many ECG tracings are found over a period of around 20 minute estimating numerous hundred cardiac cycles to sense indirect abnormalities that growth risk for cardiac arrhythmias. These indirect abnormalities are commonly not sensed preceding a plain ECG. A computer captures the electrical signal from the heart and the doctor will get more detail for the hearts electrical conduction system is functioning. Then, the hearts pumping act is controlled by an electrical conduction system that manages the reduction of the several chambers of the heart. An electrical stimulus is produced by the sinus node and it is a specialized tissue situated in the right atrium of the heart. The sinus node produces an electrical stimulus frequently at 60~ 100 times per minute in normal condition. This electrical stimulus move down by the conduction way and the hearts lower chambers to contract and bleeding out blood. The left and right atria are moved first and contract a short period of time before the left and right ventricles. Lastly, an electrocardiogram is used to measure the electrical activity of the heart. A graphic representation and tracing of the electrical activity can be getting from the placing electrodes at specific positions. The normal tracing or several hearth related conditions can be show from the ECG. 3.2.2. What is the sensor? ECG sensor is use to detect the electrical signal produced by the hearth and detected at the bodys surface. It is use the three electrode patch good contact with skin. The electrodes must be kept in refrigerator with air-tight container, but it is cannot be preserve more than 1 year. Firstly, peel first electrode from the backing paper and place it on the inside of the right elbow. Secondly, place a second and third electrode on the right wrist left wrist. Thirdly, connect the clips from sensor to the tabs on the edges of the electrode patches. Lastly, connect white clip to right elbow electrode patch, red clip to right wrist electrode patch and blue clip to left wrist electrode patch. Then, the ECG is use to monitor the resting ECG, show the wave forms, monitor ECG after mild exercise, investigating ECG with different body position and investigating ECG changes after mild stimulants. Using the ECG sensor, it is can be record an ECG of a person who is initially at rest. Disconnect the sensor wires from the electrode patches, but leave the patches on the person being monitored. Have the person exercise for a few minutes like jogging. Reattach the sensor wires to the electrodes on the person when they have finised exercising and record a new EKG. Compare the resting EKG to the EKG after mild exercise. 3.2.3. How does it work? In the top diagram, the basic functions of an ECG machine include ECG waveform display, either through LCD screen or printed paper media, and heart rhythm indication as well as simple user interface through buttons. More features, such as patient record storage through convenient media, wireless/wired transfer and 2D/3D display on large LCD screen with touch screen capabilities, are required in more and more ECG products. Multiple levels of diagnostic capabilities are also assisting doctors and people without specific ECG trainings to understand ECG patterns and their indication of a certain heart condition. After the ECG signal is captured and digitized, it will be sent for display and analysis, which involves further signal processing. Question 5 A voltage to frequency and frequency to voltage converters is very useful in the industries area. A voltage to frequency converter is usually use in measurement and signal conditioning systems. Its uses can be finding in sensor based data acquisition systems and data conversion circuit. Then, the converters receive an adaptable analog input signal to generate the pulse train output, whose frequency is linearly proportional to the input voltage. The voltage to frequency counter is free of missing codes and monotonic. It can consume very small of power and mixes some noise. For example, The frequencies to voltage converters are used in any input frequency waveform and provide a linearly proportional voltage outputs. It is can be apply in power control, instrumentation, measurement system and communication. The frequencies to voltage frequency are usually established on low pass filter or stable duration at a rate set by the input frequency. Also, it can count the amount of narrow pulses over a fixed period time. Moreover, the signal should be higher frequency than input signal. For example, TC9400 V/F Circuit The TC9400 V/F converter is used to operate on the principal of charge balancing. The operation of the TC9400 is easy to understand by refer to the below diagram. The input voltage is converted to a current by input resistor. The current is converted to a charge arranged the integrating capacitor and come as a linearly decrease the voltage at the output. The output swing is set by the threshold detector, which is the voltage is applied to the capacitor for a time to charge the capacitor to the voltage. This action can be reduces the charge on the integrating capacitor. And, a stable amount (q = CREF x VREF), cause the Op Amp output to establish a limited amount. AT the end of the charge, the CREF will be shorted out. Besides, the output again crosses zero and the system is ready to recycle. In this way, the constant discharging of the integrating capacitor through the input is stable from the reference voltage. The input voltage is increased, the number of reference pulses increases. It is causes the output frequency to increase. Subsequently each charge increase is fixed; the frequency is increase by voltage is linear. Furthermore, the precision of the output pulse width will not direct disturb the linearity of the voltage to frequency. The TC9400 operates small power CMOS handling for small input bias and balance currents, with very small power dissipation. The open drain N-channel output FETs offer great voltage and great current sink ability. The TC9400 F/V circuit The TC9400 is used to generate an output linearly proportional to the input frequency waveform. A precise amount of charge (q = CREF à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ VREF) to be distributed into the op Amps summing junction is caused by each zero intersection at the threshold detectors input. This is flow by the feedback resistor and generates voltage pulses at the output of the Op Amp. A capacitor (CINT) through RINT averages the pulses into a DC voltage; hence it is linearly proportional to the input frequency. The output voltage is connecting to the input frequency through the transfer equation: VOUT = FIN The response time to an alteration in FIN is equal to (RINTCINT). The total of the ripple on voltages output is inversely proportional to CINT and the input frequency. CINT can be increase to lower the ripple. The low frequencies are the value of 1 µF to 100 µF. The VREF is definite as the voltage difference between pin 7 and pin 2 when the TC9400 is used in the single supply mode. In top diagram, the input voltage levels for the TC9400 are  ±400mV in  ±5V applications. If the frequency source is used to measured is unipolar which are TTL or CMOS functioning from a +5v source, formerly an AC coupled level shifter must be used. In single supply F/V applications, the resistor divider will make sure the input threshold will track the supply voltages. The diode clamp avoids the input from working distant enough in the negative direction to chance on the start-up comparator. The diode is onward voltage reductions by 2.1mV/ °C, hence for high ambient temperature operation; two diodes in series are suggested. Question 6 The purpose of the differential pressure flow meter The differential pressure flow meter is used to measure the flow of fluid in a pipe which is used the Bernoullis equation to measure it. Thus, the differential pressure flow meter has flow a constriction into the pipe which is constructs a pressure fall through the flow meter. When the flow is increasing, and the pressure drop is more to form. The flow meter to the transmitter which are measure the differential pressure to control the fluid flow by impulse piping route the upstream and downstream pressure. In Bernoullis equation defines the protection of hydraulic energy through a compression in a pipe. It is also defines the sum of the static energy (pressure head), kinetic energy (velocity head), and potential energy (elevation head) upstream and downstream of the compression are equivalent. In Bernoullis equation, the pressure drop through the compression which is proportional to the square of the flow rate. The meaning of the Bernoullis equation, when the full scales flow produces 10 percentages, and the full scale differential pressure is produces 1 percentage. Differential pressure transmitter accuracy is classically despoiled at low differential pressure in its range, thus flow meter accuracy can be similarly despoiled. Consequently, this non-linear relationship can have a damaging effect on the precision and rejection of differential pressure flow meter. The basic operation principle of the differential pressure flow meter The differential pressure flow meter is used to measure the flow of gases, liquids and air in pipes. Besides, the differential pressure flow meter are usually apply into the industries such as wastewater industries, mining, pulp and paper, petroleum, chemical, petrochemical, water , mineral processing, air industrial gases, steam and cryogenic liquids. When using differential pressure flow meter must be careful especial for fluids with high viscosity which are some hydrocarbons and foods, since their precision can be despoiled when Reynolds amount is low. This flow meter can be functional to moderately clean fluids. In the chemical industry, the flow of corrosive fluids can be measured because with proper consideration to material of construction. Then, when using differential pressure flow meters must be careful in dirty service because it can be cause incorrect measurements. The basic operating principle of differential flow meter is referring on the principle that the pressure decrease through the meter is proportional to the square of the flow rate. The flow rate is attained through removing the square root and measuring the pressure differential. Then, the differential pressure flow meter have a primary and secondary element. In the primary element, it is builds the differential pressure in the pipe that will causes an adjustment in kinetic energy. The pipe size, liquids properties and flow conditions must be matched to the unit. The differential pressure and offers the signal or display that is changed to the actual flow value had been measured by secondary element. In addition, the differential pressure flow meters have included the orifice plate, venturi, nozzle and pitot tube. Orifica plate The orifice plate is usually used in gas, clean liquid, and steam service. It is obtainable for all pipe sizes, and if the pressure decrease it involves is free, it is very economical for calculating flows in bigger pipes. The orifice plate is also permitted by numerous standards administrations for the protection transferal of liquids and gases. Then, it is measured over the difference in stress from the upstream side to the downstream side of a moderately blocked pipe. The plate checking the flow is measured block that constricts the pipe and services the flowing fluid to constrict. The orifice is a flat piece of metal with a precise sized hole tired in it. Greatest orifices are of the conical (quadrant), segmental and concentric type, but eccentric designs are also accessible. Formerly, the orifice plates are cheap, simple construct and can be supplied for some application in some material. The concentric orifice plate takes a sharp concentric drag that offers the pure line connection among the fluid and the plate, with slight friction strain at the border. The diameter of concentric orifice plates is from 0.25 to 0.75 ranges. The highest velocity and lowest static pressure happens at certain 0.35 to 0.85 pipe diameter downstream from the orifice plate. It is called the vena contract. Determining the differential pressure by a location near to the orifice plate reduces the influence of pipe coarseness, subsequently the pipe wall and the fluid has effect by the friction. Venturi The venturi tube flow meter is used in application of lower pressure drop or higher turn down rates. In the Venturi tube, the fluid flow rate is used to measure the cross sectional flow area in the flow path, creating a pressure difference. After the restricted area, the fluid is passes over a pressure retrieval withdrawal section; it is up to 80% of the differential pressure caused at the restricted area. Through flow calibrating and proper instrumentation, the Venturi Tube flow rate can be decrease around 10% of full scale range with proper precision. This offers a turn down rate 10:1. Then, it is can pass 25%~ 50% flows than an orifice with the similar pressure drop. The primary cost of venturi tubes is high, so it is used on higher flows or difficult flow applications. Venturis are oblivious to velocity outline effects and then need less straight pipe path than an orifice. It will be combined with the self- cleaning action of the flow over the tube, makes the device resistant to corrosion, internal scale build up and erosion. In regardless of its high primary cost, the overall cost of ownership can still be approving because of savings in operating, maintenance and costs installation. Nozzle The flow nozzle is stable than the orifice plate, mostly in high velocity and high temperature services. It has used to measure high flow rates of heated vapour. The flow nozzle has a larger flow capacity than the orifice plate and involves a lower initial venture than a venturi tube, but it is also offers low pressure recovery. A main weakness of the nozzle is hard to change than the orifice except it can be impassive as part of a spool unit. The flow nozzles are used in measurement for gas and air flow in industrial applications. This is a simple design, cheap, and it is available for many applications in various materials Flow Nozzles is can handle around 60% liquid flows than orifice plates consuming the similar pressure drop at high velocities. Suspended solids with liquids can be metered. Though, it is not suitable for high viscous liquid or enclosing bigger amount of sticky solids. Pitot tube The pitot tube are used to measure fluid flow, principally in air applications as HVAC systems and ventilation , it is used in airplanes for the speed measurement. The pitot tube measures the kinetic energy of the flow into potential energy is convert by the fluid flow velocity. The pitot tube is used to constrained to point measuring. Through the annubar or multi-orifice pitot probe, the dynamic pressure can be measured through the velocity profile and the annubar finds an averaging influence. Pitot tubes  sense two pressures instantaneously, static and impact. The impact unit involves of a tube through one end focused at right angles to the flow direction. The static tubes end is locked, but a small slot is placed in the side of the unit. The tubes can be attached individually in a pipe or joint in a particular casing. Pitot tubes are usually installed by welding a join on a pipe and injecting the probe through the join. Use of most pitot tubes is restricted to particular point measurements. The units are disposed to plug by overseas material in the liquid. Advantages of pitot tubes are lack of moving parts, low cost, minimum pressure drop and easy installation.

Impact of Speech and Language Difficulties on Development

Impact of Speech and Language Difficulties on Development Explain the impact that speech, language and communication difficulties can have on a child’s overall development. ANSWER: The difficulties a child’s development can have are in many aspects of which are PSED (physical, social and emotional development), play, and literacy, maths, understanding the world and expressive arts and design. Looking at PSED, it effect the side of self confidence, self esteem, sharing views, discussing anything, being part of an activity physically, being amongst a group of friends and making a decision. Look at the from the view point of yourself, being a part of something where you are not able to contribute because you have a difficulty in SLC (speech, language and communication), it is just so hard to even be present there, you would just want to be in your own nutshell, but at the same time you want to study, achieve things, your friends laugh when you stammer, your friends bully or look down upon you or exclude in a very sly manner, these all are mental stress, emotional torture and withdraws oneself and hate builds. Let us take play in consideration, how do u play football silently? It is just not practical, playing rugby, cricket, tennis, badminton, there is so much to cheer and applaud to, you will even feel ashamed of yourself and probably not engage because you are not as competent as the other? That is not fair on an individual. You are not able to play as a team; you cannot comprehend instructions or even relate to other children whilst playing such as pretend play or friendly match. Now literacy and maths, these are educational subjects, you have to sit down, brainstorm, discuss, and ask for help, read, write, understand, solve problems and reason. When you are neglected, left alone, how do you cope? You might always avoid the library and group discussions because of your difficulty, on the other hand you can come out confident and tackle the situation come what may but within yourself, your own image, self confidence is extremely shallow, you may portray out very confident and self efficient, but within yourself it is a battle of struggle day in and out. Expressive arts and design, these need creativity, expressions, depth of understanding, communication, body language, eye contact, communication through writing and verbal, you may be very good artist but if you communication is difficult how will people appreciate your very, yes of course sign language is a benefit factor which will assist you in promoting yourself, not many people understand sign language, value it nor appreciate it, so finding a group which upholds you despite your difficulties is another task. In all, any learning difficulty has an adverse effect in a child life to achieve and excel not only in studies but also amongst friends, family, as most of those around will have the pity for you instead of empathy and such feelings do a lot of damage emotionally, mentally and socially. QUESTION 2: Describe how practitioners can modify or adapt the communication to meet the needs of individual children. ANSWER: Modify and adapt; change, accept and produce Practitioners are able to modify and adapt in various ways; having an interpreter, having computers for visual text or pictures or visual learners, one to one support, more lightning, take work home to do with parents, calm background, imply and reinforce unity and helping each other amongst children, making sure to the best ability every child is happy, review particular child every week, build a team of students who help other children and ensure the team rotates so all the children get the chance, always smiling and positive feelings and thoughts and suggestions, use empathy and support. Get professionals come in to meet child, encourage other children to engage with, working in partnership with parents, professionals and teacher becomes a strong triangle, use more visual aid, simple and clear statements, praise effort made by child, give time to listen, think, understand, go to the child’s pace, visual timetable, go down to child level and communicate, ask child to repeat what you have said, make learning fun and using simple words, you be the model of behaviour and language so other staff learn from you, being vigilant all the time, understand child and see what is the best way to communication, pictures, gestures, signing, written message and you continue to support. The one thing I strongly believe in, no matter what one goes through, if you have the right mentor and support, you can travel and achieve a lot in may be a longer period of time but you will get there one day, also keeping in mind perseverance is very important in a very gentle, simple and comforting manner. If a child does not want to complete a task, explain the importance, show the child light at the end of a tunnel and do give a positive reward too such as sticker, play time with special toy, take for a walk, showing the work to the rest of the children and teachers and putting it on the board to. All the support and one to one attention is not an easy task it takes a lot of patience, perseverance, calm nature, happy go lucky nature, sense of humour, and strong willed person, but remember the confidence, self esteem, bright future, success, achievement of that particular child will be a reward for the teacher that you were able to do something for someone which was of benefit to the person and enable them reach the skies. QUESTION 3: Explain how practitioners can meet the communication needs of children who speak English as an additional language. ANSWER: There are many methods to meet needs of English as second language, a few are; special time for those children, a teacher takes children to a quiet room use pictures and say the item in their language and than in English and encourage them to repeat after you, just within their concentration span such as 5-10 mins, you keep building words like that. Make sure you have the child’s attention when speaking to them and also you should be face to face with the child and mention their name to gain attention. Another way could be having dual books, reading a book aloud, very simple words such as animals example; a cat- heesna (in Arabic), cath (in welsh), punai (in tamil ). It depends on which language the child is, normally they do speak little English but simple things like â€Å"mum coming†, â€Å"food†, â€Å"water†, â€Å"tired†, â€Å"read†, â€Å"well done†, â€Å"bye†, words which bring comfort to a child depending on age if you say to them in their language and than English they form a quick attachment and settle quickly too especially with little ones. Making books with children using pictures, as you stick, you say in their language and English too such as; carrot- gajar, vegetable-sabzi, mango-aam, milk- doodh Ask parents to write down a few words for you which you can use with the child on daily basis Play games in a group and team, this will enable child learn English form other children, music and dance and rhyme too. If any of the practitioners know the child’s language let them be the key worker One must also keep a close watch on children and keep reminding of rules and boundaries, always come down to child level and explain and reinforce, nicely and calm. Keep a positive body language, facial expression and continuous speaking in English at the same time reminding them in their own language so the child is rest assured and remains calm. Use pictures to explain more if hard to comprehend, use writing skills, use gestures and remain in close partnership with parents and encourage using English at home. QUESTION 4: Analyse the role that other professionals play in supporting the speech, language and communication needs of children ANSWER: Every individual working in a field related to children is part and parcel of the team works, discussion and achievements with targets, of course some have a more specific target role but team work is what brings success. One of the main professional to be consulted with this specific difficulty is Speech Educational Needs Co-ordinator, we must keep in mind to always consult parents, take their views, have a discussion and then involve other professionals. Considering the SENCO team, they will suggest a few things to parents such as visiting GP to refer to Speech and Language Therapist. This professional will work hand in hand with parent/carer/nursery/school, pay home visits, carry out activities with child such as how can child express and analyse themselves, does the child understand instructions verbally and mentally, can the child respond clearly, how the child is engaging in play, carry out fun games and activities with child, response therapist received from child, behaviour of the child, skills the child uses for communication, will enquire about child strengths and what child enjoys and how much you know the child, will want a quiet session with child, would want to know about day to day experience and routine of child The therapist will than record and analyse. Once all that is done the therapist will decide if it is going to be beneficial for the child and in what strategy needs to be used, the parent/carer will receive a feed back and carry on from there. Giving children time and space, helps them grow, giving a child good listening ears and demonstrating good communication skills enables them to learn, we are the models of children around us so we must be very careful in our day to day behaviour, calling out the child’s name before you start speaking makes them concentrate and become attentive too, keeping words short and simple, remaining calm all the time, recasting to what children say such as; ‘ I am playing with car’ adult says ‘ yes, you are playing with your red speedy car’. It is important to engage children in play with exploration, mental and written learning, creativity and brain storm, discussion and inventions and promoting togetherness when doing an activity, problem solving and sharing thoughts and ideas. Team thinks together, give items, set targets and achieve them. Each and every step in a child life is crucial, so how a child is dealt with, given replies for questions, asked questions, given space, explore and learn in their pace is important, of course parents should shadow and keep track but at the same time allow them to take risks and build confidence, independence, self esteem, self reliant and understanding too, keeping in mind safety of child and adult is a priority. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Notes provided by college Google search www.idponline.org.uk www.naldic.org.uk Own experience and views

Alfred Tennyson, Charles Darwin, Charles Lyell, and Essay -- Tennyson

Alfred Tennyson, Charles Darwin, Charles Lyell, and "In Memoriam" Alfred Lord Tennyson was born August 6, 1809, at Somersby, Lincolnshire. He was the fourth of twelve children. As a boy he led a very miserable and unhappy life. In 1828 Tennyson entered Trinity college, Cambridge. The most important part of his experience there was his friendship with Arthur Henry Hallam, who was the son of a well known historian. Hallam encouraged and inspired Tennyson to write. Hallam died in 1833. Tennyson published poems in 1842 which proved to be a great success and secured his position as the foremost Victorian Poet. The year 1850 was important to Tennyson for two reasons: his marriage to Emily Sellwood and the publication of "In Memoriam" , his great elegy to Arthur Hallam. "In Memoriam’ was merely a verification of some of the books that Tennyson had been reading" (Wiley 160). These books included Lyell and Darwin. Many of the lines in his poem show an interesting compromise between religious attitude and what is quite a different belief, the belief i n human perfectibility. "In Memoriam" can be justly called a religious poem. However it is not religious because of its faith, but because of the quality of its doubt. Its Faith is a poor thing, but its doubt is a very intense experience. The first aspects of science that seem to interest Tennyson were astronomy. However, he seemed to become more interested in geology and Lyell’s work on Geology. Sir Charles Lyell, is perhaps the most significant figure ever born in Angus, Scotland. On the fourteenth of November 1797 Charles Lyell was born. His father, Charles Lyell, enrolled in 1786 at St. Andrew University where he studied law. When Charles Lyell was less than a year old his fath... ...upreme being. They believer that the bible was not true because they do not know for a fact if the things in the bible happened or not. In Canto 120, Tennyson is describing how humans are not machines. In the second stanza he is completely rejecting science, evolution and Geology. This shows a complete turnaround from what he believed before. In the third stanza he is telling us that no matter what people say or do like the theories of Charles Darwin and Charles Lyell, he is going to follow what he believes in. Charles Darwin was an important part of the Victorian era. His theories are still taught in schools and are part of our evolving lives. If Charles Darwin did not discover the fossils on his early expedition and put all the missing pieces together, then people would still be thinking that one Supreme Being created us all, when in fact we really weren’t.

Facts on Hamlet :: essays papers

Facts on Hamlet Title: Hamlet Published: It was written in the late 1500s. It has been on national stages since 1589, and the earliest known publications date back to the years 1600 and 1601. Biographical Information: Biographical Information: All though much is not known about Shakespeare the man, there is numerous speculations about Shakespeare the playwright. He was the son of John Shakespeare and Mary Arden. At the age of eighteen he married Anne Hathaway and had three children, Susanna, Hamlet, and Judith. William Shakespeare wrote thirty-seven plays and over one hundred and fifty poems which are renowned for their wisdom, knowledge of human nature, and genius Genre: Classical Drama Characteristics of a Genre: This is a dramatic tragedy, highlighting the fall of a great leader/character. Setting: The date in which the play took place is unknown, however it is believed to have been during the later parts of the 1500s during Shakespeare's life span. Although the exact date is unknown and to this day remains a mystery, the setting is revealed. The play underwent in Denmark and it's neighboring states. Characters: King Hamlet - The original king of Denmark who is Hamlet's father, and the husband of Gertrude. He is betrayed and murdered by his jealous brother, and later appears throughout the play to guide his son Hamlet in the quest for revenge and answers. He was Hamlet's father, and that was his relation to Hamlet. Hamlet - Son of Queen Gertrude, and King Hamlet, and later King Claudius (Who is his uncle). He is the main character who undergoes the most drastic changes of them all, psychologically. In the beginning he questioned all, but by the end after his journey had been cleared up he acted upon instinct and want, ultimately succeeding. Claudius - Jealous brother of King Hamlet, who acts upon his jealousy and dumps poison in the King (his brother's) ear and takes his life so that he may become king. He is now the father of Hamlet and the husband of Queen Gertrude. His jealousy and all around evil causes him to lose his life in the finality. He was Hamlet's uncle and new father, who was responsible for his real father's death.

Doc Holiday Essay -- essays research papers

Doc Holiday   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Doc Holiday could be known as the most skillful gambler, the nerviest, fastest, and deadliest man with a six-shooter. John Henry Holiday was born on August 14, 1851 in Griffin, Georgia. His father was Henry Broughs, and mother Alice Jane Holiday. Their first child Martha Elenore, had died at six months of age on January 8, 1889. Holidays father was a druggist by trade and later became a wealthy planter, lawyer, and during the civil was he was a confederate Major. Holiday suffered a terrible loss when his mother Alice Jane died on September 16, 1886. This was a tragedy for Doc, due to being so close to his mother. Holidays father remarried Three months later to Rachel Martin on December 18, 1886. Then the family moved to Valdosta, Georgia. Due to his father’s high status, Holiday chose the profession of dentistry. In 1872 Holiday enrolled in Pennsylvania College of Dental and Surgery on March 1. He graduated with a class of twenty-six other men, and then soon opened an office with Dr. Arthur C. Ford in Atlanta.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After Holidays practice he soon found out the he had contracted tuberculosis. Doctors of whom he consulted with said he only had months to live, and suggested moving to a dryer climate. Doc packed up and headed west to Dallas, Texas. Holiday found a position with a Dr. John A. Segar, and prepared for business. Soon his illness over came him, and as a result his dental business gradually declined...

Rhetorical Analysis on Lux Toilet Soap Ad Essay

Lux Toilet Soap Susan Sanders Devry University Lux Toilet Soap A 1954 ad for Lux Toilet Soap states, â€Å"Luscious is the word for Greer Garson’s complexion and she keeps it that way with Lux Toilet Soap. †This statement is an example of how emotional appeal is used in the ad to grab the reader’s attention. The advertiser uses character appeal by including information about Garson’s success in the ad to make the reader want to use the product. Logical appeal is used when a refund is offered to leave the reader with no objections to trying the product. The Greer Garson Lux Toilet Soap ad was effective in raising product awareness and profits due to its usage of these appeals. Garson is pictured against a white background with a vine of grapes in hand in the ad. Purple is the color theme here, as Garson’s eye makeup, necklace and grapes are of this color. This gives the ad a sense of sophistication, warmth, luxury and even a little mystery. This grabs the reader’s attention and makes her want to read the ad. The reader’s attention is then drawn to a sentence below Garson in which the first word, â€Å"Luscious,† is of a larger font size than the rest of the text. The color pink draws the reader to look in the bottom right corner of the ad, where a Lux Toilet Soap wrapper reveals the bar of soap. This completes the attraction, femininity, and smooth texture of the ad. The image and larger-sized text are present in the advertisement to appeal to the reader’s emotion of craving for Garson’s flawless skin. Women of this time were open to ideas on how to look as beautiful as possible. This could have been to succeed in their careers or simply to please a man. Looks play a large role in any aspiring actresses success because she is trying to talk people into casting her for roles. In addition, having and taking care of a family was a very important part of women’s lives. They had to look their best in the hopes of getting a husband. This advertisement had their solution and informed the readers to use Lux Toilet Soap to get that desired look. If the picture of Garson wasn’t enough to get the reader to find character appeal in the advertisement, there is also smaller blue text at the bottom of the ad informing them of her credentials. The ad states, â€Å"Besides being beautiful, Greer Garson is intelligent (she’s lectured Shakespeare), talented (probably won more awards than any other film actress)†¦ † There is also a statement at the top of the ad promoting a movie Garson most recently starred in, â€Å"Her Twelve Men. † The ad then goes on to state her insistence on the use of Lux Toilet Soap in her home and dressing room, as well as the statistic â€Å"Greer’s used Lux for years now-she believes in it, like 9 out of 10 Hollywood stars do.This information about Garson’s career leads readers to trust in her belief of the soap’s effectiveness. It suggests that the reader should want to use the Lux soap because successful and beautiful people like Garson do. If it plays some part in Garson’s success, then the reader might have that same luck with life as well, after using Lux soap. As the reader continues through the text, the final appeal is utilized, logic. The ad states that â€Å"Miss Garson’s luscious complexion is as good a recommendation as we know of for using Lux Toilet Soap. If you find Lux isn’t everything a good soap can be, we’ll return what you paid for it. Fair enough? † After being presented this offer, the reader runs out of objections to trying the product. Reasoning tells them to buy it, try it, if it isn’t satisfactory, get a refund, and no loss would be incurred. The offer leaves the reader with a feeling of obligation to buying the product. It is important that the ad achieves this because it ultimately leads to higher sales profit. Lux Toilet Soap was not the only solution to uneven or imperfect complexion.